© 2001 by European Society of Cardiology
Predictors of failure of transoesophageal cardioversion of common atrial flutter
*Electrophysiology and Cardiac Pacing Unit, Department of Cardiology, St. Gerardo Hospital Monza, Milan, Italy;
Institute of Medical and Biological Statistics, University of Milan Italy
BACKGROUND: Common atrial flutter is due to a re-entry circuit in the right atrium. It is possible to entrain and interrupt this arrhythmia with transoesophageal pacing (TEAP) in a substantial percentage of patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate factors associated with failure of transoesophageal cardioversion of common atrial flutter.
METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients underwent an attempted transoesophageal cardioversion of their common atrial flutter. In order to detect factors associated with failure of this procedure, the following were considered: (a) age and gender; (b) underlying heart disease; (c) time of onset of the arrhythmia; (d) antiarrhythmic treatment at the time of cardioversion; (e) flutter cycle length, (f) A/V deflection ratio at the site of transoesophageal pacing; and (g) longitudinal and transverse diameters of right and left atrium on the echocardiogram.
RESULTS: In 84 of 100 patients, TEAP modified the atrial flutter circuit: in 23 of these, sinus rhythm was restored; in 31 patients, flutter was converted into atrial fibrillation which spontaneously reverted to sinus rhythm; and in remaining 30 patients, persistent atrial fibrillation was obtained. In 16 cases, no modification in atrial flutter circuit was obtained by TEAP (Group 2). Using univariate analysis, this group of patients showed no significant difference in flutter cycle length, a smaller A/V ratio at the site of TEAP, a longer transverse diameter of left atrium and a shorter transverse diameter of right atrium. Analysis of the therapy at cardioversion shows that no Group 2 patient was on intravenous amiodarone, while a greater percentage of patients of the former group was on chronic amiodarone treatment.
A logistic regression model applied to the data showed that flutter cycle length, transverse diameter of left atrium and A/V deflection ratio at the site of TEAP were independent variables with influence on the failure rate.
CONCLUSION: Transoesophageal pacing is able to modify the circuit of common atrial flutter in a large percentage of patients, and can convert this arrhythmia to sinus rhythm in more than 50% of cases. Failure of this procedure is associated with electrophysiological parameters (flutter cycle length, A/V ratio at the site of TEAP), anatomical factors (left and right atrial diameters) and treatment in use at the time of TEAP.
Key Words: Atrial flutter, transoesophageal atrial pacing, cardioversion
Correspondence: Antonio Vincenti, Modulo Strutturale di Elettrofisiologia e Cardiostimolazione, Divisione di Cardiologia, Ospedale S. Gerardo, 20052 Monza, Milano, Italy — Via Donizetti, 106. E-mail: monzarit{at}tin.it