Europace Advance Access originally published online on November 24, 2008
Europace 2009 11(1):42-47; doi:10.1093/europace/eun308
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Ablation: Imaging
Diastolic isthmus length and ‘vertical’ isthmus angulation identify patients with difficult catheter ablation of typical atrial flutter: a pre-procedural MRI study
1 Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hospital of the University of Münster, Münster, Germany; 2 German Atrial Fibrillation Competence Network (AFNET), Münster, Germany; 3 Institute for Clinical Radiology, Hospital of the University of Münster, Münster, Germany
Aims: Catheter ablation of isthmus-dependent atrial flutter is technically demanding in some patients and extremely simple in others. The intervention targets a defined anatomical structure, the so-called cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI). We sought to characterize CTI anatomy in vivo in patients with difficult and simple catheter ablation of atrial flutter.
Methods and results: Twenty-six patients were studied. Seven patients with difficult (n = 6) or extremely simple (n = 1) CTI ablation procedures were retrospectively selected from our catheter ablation database. Thereafter, we prospectively studied 19 patients undergoing CTI ablation in our department. We visualized CTI anatomy by ECG- and respiration-gated free precession 1.5 T cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Magnetic resonance imaging was analysed for systolic and diastolic CTI length, the angle between the vena cava inferior and CTI, and pouch-like recesses. These parameters were compared between patients with difficult and simple procedures, split by the median number of energy applications. Patients with difficult procedures had a longer diastolic CTI length (diastolic isthmus length 20.3 ± 1.8 mm) than those with simple procedures (diastolic isthmus length 16.6 ± 1.7 mm, all data as mean ± SEM, P < 0.05). Cavotricuspid isthmus angulation with respect to inferior vena cava was closer to 90° in patients with difficult procedures (deviation from 90°: 15 ± 2°) than those with simple procedures (deviation 23 ± 4°, P < 0.05). Systolic CTI length was not different between groups (32 ± 2 mm in both groups, P > 0.2).
Conclusion: Longer diastolic, but not systolic, CTI length and a rectangular angle between CTI and inferior vena cava render CTI catheter ablation difficult. Visualization of isthmus anatomy may help to guide difficult CTI ablation procedures.
Key Words: Catheter ablation, Magnetic resonance imaging, Atrial flutter
* Corresponding author: Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik C, Kardiologie und Angiologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Straße 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany. Tel: +49 251 8345185; fax: +49 251 8347864. E-mail address: kirchhp{at}uni-muenster.de
Manuscript submitted 15 August 2008. Accepted after revision 21 October 2008.
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